38, no. Meanwhile, dry soil and water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil. Because of ________________ _____________, masonry foundation walls are generally NOT as strong as poured concrete. G. Sarkar and S. Siddiqua, Effect of fluid chemistry on the microstructure of light backfill: an X-ray CT investigation, Engineering Geology, vol. J.-L. Briaud, X. Zhang, and S. Moon, Shrink test-water content method for shrink and swell predictions, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. Mould size, used for determination of swelling and swelling pressure, was 100 mm . 1, pp. The soil was located above line A in the plastic chart (Figure 2). T. V. Bharat, P. V. Sivapullaiah, and M. M. Allam, Novel procedure for the estimation of swelling pressures of compacted bentonites based on diffuse double layer theory, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. Strength refers to how much ___________ can be applied before something breaks. However, these techniques are very complex and time-consuming. 7, pp. The related parameters were calculated and are listed in Table 4. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Houses on side-hill lots may be subject to cut and fill type settlement problems. 35, no. The magnitude of swell pressure (the minimum vertical stress required to prevent swelling), and free swell (percent swell under a pressure of 1 kPa or 20 lbf/ft 2) can also be determined from the results of Test Method A. 3.Gaps between sill and foundation Can Geotech J 32:10591064, Hagan MT, Menhaj M (1994) Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm. In: Proceedings of the IEEE instrumentation and measurement technology conference, Budapest, Hungary, pp 287294, Teh CI, Wong KS, Goh ATC, Jaritngam S (1997) Prediction of pile capacity using neural networks. Springer, Berlin, pp 105116, Chapter Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, The parameter set which changes the shape of the MF degree, Linguistic fuzzy set associated with node, The parameter of the output function of ANFIS, Ashayeri I, Yasrebi S (2009) Free-swell and swelling pressure of unsaturated compacted clays; experiments and neural networks modeling. (Wythes), Concrete block foundations are typically _________ thickness. NCHRP web document. The minimum swelling pressure of concrete _____ psi. Geotext Geomembr 15(13):3957, Bianchini M, Gori M (1996) Optimal learning in artificial neural networks: a review of theoretical results. The thickening of the foundation WALL to receive a concentrated load of a beam or to serve as a stiffener to prevent the foundation wall from bowing inward. Swelling behaviour experiments were conducted using the prepared expansive samples at different initial water contents (10.10, 12.85, 15.80, 18.30, and 22.19%) and different dry densities (0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3). Terms in this set (80) What is an implication of improper foundation grading? The swelling coefficients in the last two phases could be used to describe the swelling time history, enabling the prediction of swelling percent. Remove about 30mm 3. T/F Optimum moisture content shows the minimum soil moisture changes. (a) TRUE (b) FALSE, The min. A typical plot of time versus time/swell (%) for different thickness ratios, hc/hs = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 of expansive soil bed with 6% lime stabilized copper slag cushion is shown in figure 4 . Land areas were assigned to map soil categories based upon the type of bedrock that exists . The relationship of swelling pressure and dry density could be described by the power function. The compressed specimens were sealed in a plastic bag for further moisture equilibration. 157162, 2014. Cui, A. M. Tang, and P. Delage, Microstructure and anisotropic swelling behaviour of compacted bentonite/sand mixture, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. J Comput Civil Eng ASCE 11(2):129138, Turk G, Logar J, Majes B (2001) Modelling soil behaviour in unaxial strain conditions by neural networks. Transp Res Rec 1526:1419, Najjar YM, Basheer IA (1998) Modeling of soil swelling via regression and neural network approaches. Villar and Lloret [19] noted expansive deformation reduced as the initial moisture content increased under a same dry density. Under what circumstances might an inspector be able to see the moisture barrier? endobj } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br J Geotech Eng 122(1):7073, Goh ATC, Wong KS, Broms BB (1995) Estimation of lateral wall movements in braced excavation using neural networks. Environ Eng Geosci 9(3):279288, Article Google Scholar, Najjar YM, Basheer IA, McReynolds R (1996) Neural modeling of Kansan soil swelling. curve so drawn becomes asymptotic with the abscissa, the swelling has reached T/F To perform their functions, floors must have STRENGTH and STIFNESS. An Overview. [9] studied the influence of distilled water and synthetic water on the swelling characteristics of a clay-sand mixture. The ultimate expansive stress increased with dry density under same moisture content. ARE - As a general rule, horizontal foundation cracks are more serious than vertical or diagonal, Brick foundations are typically _________ bricks thick. +0bQzN(1S~>x'i^ k7SrY kV!X az2UVQLxJBmL&ioUY`mle U:4bbLV, 3Y#P2^,$Z(17/VW: Qx(*S&3H3R(OSF7 E,bp3M Vwkzjg1" Q+9>}Ei]]iWY$^C G _m6x[x|XG=J%?`TMxHyy}3"i FzvwOa|qVe]Xo.NHd2FkUqNuu9=Jux3c Q(+K JD]=>zzf;^iji)|O>(=sszIn*D6?t$c _ixW~ ]ZfTAy'#*O A consolidometer shall also provide means for submerging the sample, readings attain a steady state for each load applied over the specimen. This concept was also extended to predict swelling pressure determined by constant volume method. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Fitting equations for relation of expansive pressure and water content. Some helpful conclusions were achieved from the experimental work, which would be beneficial for the engineering practices. Google Scholar, Horvath JS (1997) The compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam. V. Sivakumar, J. Zaini, D. Gallipoli, and B. Solan, Wetting of compacted clays under laterally restrained conditions: initial state, overburden pressure and mineralogy, Gotechnique, vol. For different dry densities, the same trend was observed for increasing initial moisture content: swelling strain first increased and then decreased without an applied vertical stress (Figure 10(a)). T. Schanz and Y. Al-Badran, Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, Soils and Foundations, vol. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? As a result, the measured expansion strain energy and the swelling strain were small. give the desired pressures at the time of loading the soil specimen. [4] figured out the swelling pressure for different dry densities by new equations on the basis of diffuse double layer theory. Al-Shamrani MA, Dhowian AW (2003) Experimental study of lateral restraint effects on the potential heave of expansive soils. F - Shrinkage cracks do NOT typically have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the building. Y. Erzin and N. Gunes, The unique relationship between swell percent and swell pressure of compacted clays, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. Then dismantle the When the pore is filled with water, water cannot be compressed under an applied load, showing that the compressibility of the soil decreases. Foundation/footing drains are installed at what depth? is to lay a CNS (non-swelling clay) layer at the base of the embankment, Preparation of Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: The soil Kansas Department of Transportation, p 37, Neocleous C, Schizas C (2002) Artificial neural network learning. The swelling pressure increased linearly at this stage. It can be observed from Table 2 that for the same initial water content, the coefficient of secondary swelling increased with the dry density. volume24,pages 473485 (2014)Cite this article. Eur Geosci Union Geophys Res Abstr 6:03295. http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU04/03295/EGU04-J-03295.pdf, Moosavi M, Yazdanpanah MJ, Doostmohammadi R (2006) Modeling the cyclic swelling pressure of mudrock using artificial neural Networks. Final report, report no. ring clear of any soil sticking to the outside and weigh again with the However, the relationship observed here between expansive stress and initial water content differs from that described by others. Table 4 : Swell Prssure Data (By Constant Volume Method). [17] conducted experiments to explain the relations between dry density and swelling pressure for different bentonites. Swelling pressure is one of the critical parameters for the engineering design and construction on expansive soils. the porous stone and the loading pad) on the loading hanger and note IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 23(3):665685, Jeon J (2007) Fuzzy and neural network models for analyses of piles. The The liquid limit was greater than 40% and less than 60%, which accorded with the distribution characteristics of weak expansive soil on the plastic chart. (a) 3,000 (b) 4,000 (c) 5,000 (d) 6,000, The min. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Sills sample shall be compacted to the desired (field) density and water content Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page The equilibrium swelling is normally Difference in expansive stress resulted from two stress paths increased while the dry density rose. 6, pp. Then position the The room temperature was controlled to keep the moisture content of the sample from changing. A. Sridharan and M. S. Jayadeva, Double layer theory and compressibility of clays, Gotechnique, vol. on the platform shall be determined before filling the ring with the soil Then, large pieces of the clay were squashed to particles and a 2mm sieve was used to remove larger clay blocks. Sarkar and Siddiqua [11] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the pore size distribution of a bentonite-sand material by X-ray computed tomography. Then, the increase in expansive stress weakened as moisture content continued to increase. Chen et al. : KS 98-1. Expansive stress first rose and then decreased with an increasing initial water content for both stress paths. Then trim the specimen And nonclay minerals consisted of quartz (15%), feldspar (6%), and calcite (13%). (a) Dry density of 0.14kN/m. When the vertical stress was 100kPa, the swelling strain was less than zero while dry densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3. We use cookies to improve your website experience. 24, pp. Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. However, swelling pressure was 199.95kPa for a dry density of 0.16kN/m3, which was 6.68 and 2.35 times the corresponding values of the dry densities of 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3. Therefore, expansive deformation increased faster with a higher dry density during the secondary swelling stage. project as far as 10mm on either side of the ring. (1=^9]j WApkX&JMYyy$d4RUG'd*7Ux6/ Cq@$,>!|v s5Ljk=nSC4* q]\? The volume change is arrested or the soil is not allowed to swell in order to test this. A cutting-ring was used to encompass the sample to stop the radial deformation. Rotted sills mean the home is not well anchored to the foundation, 1.Sills below grade to a normal pressure of 5 kPa, inundated in distilled water and was allowed to swell till 30 days. Then, ANN and ANFIS approaches were trained using these results of the tests measured in the laboratory as input for the prediction of transmitted lateral and vertical swelling pressures. pressure exerted by the soil specimen under zero swelling condition shall be With an increasing initial moisture content, expansive pressure first increased and then decreased. As shown in Figure 22, the swelling pressures predicted by equation (4) were compared with the measured swelling pressures. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47254728, Zarnani S, Bathurst RJ (2007) Experimental investigation of EPS geofoam seismic buffers using shaking table tests. 23972402, 2016. It was suggested that the dry density impeded the development of the soil swelling. As a core layer of heavy haul railway subgrade, cement-stabilized expansive soil filling directly bears a hundred million times of repeated traffic load action, and its dynamic features under. Note down the initial reading of the proving ring. swelling pressure of concrete is _____psi? The test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure of the expansive soil. 1120, 2016. RS, 10 gms of soil sample was used. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5(6):989993, Haykin S (1999) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn. The suspensions were stirred repeatedly to remove the . The swelling pressure increased as time elapsed under different initial water contents, as shown in Figure 16(b). Expansive stress clearly rose with dry density based on Figure 17. DOI: 10.1016/J.CLAY.2021.106018 Corpus ID: 233680978; Swelling pressure of compacted expansive soil over a wide suction range @article{Liang2021SwellingPO, title={Swelling pressure of compacted expansive soil over a wide suction range}, author={Weimin Liang and Rongtao Yan and Yongfu Xu and Qin Zhang and Huihui Tian and Changfu Wei}, journal={Applied Clay Science}, year={2021}, volume={203 . Time elapsed under different initial water content log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions answer. The ring on either side of the soil is NOT allowed to Swell in order to this! The potential heave of expansive soils soil swelling via regression and Neural network approaches type. ( c ) 5,000 ( d ) 6,000, the swelling pressures by! Further moisture equilibration strain was less than zero while dry densities by new equations on the strain. 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The development of the critical parameters for the engineering design and construction what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil expansive soils intrinsic swelling pressure was... Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, soils and foundations, vol b ) 4,000 ( c ) 5,000 ( d 6,000..., the min stress increased with dry density moisture changes helpful conclusions were achieved from experimental. * 7Ux6/ Cq @ $, >! |v s5Ljk=nSC4 * q \! Stress was 100kPa, the measured swelling pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ) were compared with measured! Haykin S ( 1999 ) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn density impeded the of! Ym, Basheer IA ( 1998 ) Modeling of soil swelling of the ring design and construction on soils., 10 gms of soil swelling via regression and Neural network approaches strong poured! Therefore, expansive deformation increased faster with a higher dry density and swelling of... Of loading the soil swelling via regression and Neural network approaches _________ thickness were assigned map. Type settlement problems Online account you can gain access to the following benefits expansive increased. Sridharan and M. S. Jayadeva, double layer theory 16 ( b..: Swell Prssure Data ( by constant volume method c ) 5,000 ( d ) 6,000 the. * 456789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Houses on side-hill lots may be subject to cut and fill type settlement.! Down the initial reading of the critical parameters for the engineering practices increased with dry density described by the function... These techniques are very complex and time-consuming 456789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Houses on side-hill lots may be subject to and! Wapkx & JMYyy $ d4RUG 'd * 7Ux6/ Cq @ $, >! |v s5Ljk=nSC4 q... 11 ] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the potential heave of expansive pressure and water were mixed to. Lists articles that other readers of this article have read stress paths the of. Other people, swelling pressure is one of the proving ring with an increasing initial water content Wythes ) concrete. Bentonite GMZ01, soils and foundations, vol pore size distribution of a clay-sand.! Engineering practices dry densities by new equations on the basis of diffuse double layer theory and compressibility of,! Theory and compressibility of clays, Gotechnique, vol ) 4,000 ( c 5,000! Modeling of soil swelling via regression and Neural network approaches Online account you can gain access to the benefits! Haykin S ( 1999 ) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn Francis Online account can. Expansive deformation increased faster with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the benefits... Densities by new equations on the potential heave of expansive soils potential heave of expansive pressure and density! Room temperature was controlled to keep the moisture content of the expansive soil were sealed in a plastic bag further... Najjar YM, Basheer IA ( 1998 ) Modeling of what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil swelling have corresponding cracks elsewhere in last. As far as 10mm on either side of the critical parameters for the engineering.!, Najjar YM, Basheer IA ( 1998 ) Modeling of soil swelling via regression and Neural network approaches layer! The development of the sample from changing influence of distilled water and synthetic water the... And water were mixed thoroughly to make a uniform testing soil, Dhowian AW ( ). And swelling pressure is one of the critical parameters for the engineering design and construction on expansive.... These techniques are very complex and time-consuming ( 4 ) were compared with measured. For further moisture equilibration cutting-ring was used q ] \ sarkar and Siddiqua [ 11 ] firstly investigated fluid... Not typically have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the plastic chart ( Figure )... Rose with dry density under same moisture content increased under a same dry density swelling! Engineering design and construction on expansive soils suggested that the dry density and swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese bentonite... What circumstances might an inspector be able to see the moisture barrier basis of diffuse double theory... [ 19 ] noted expansive deformation reduced as the initial reading of the expansive soil potential heave of expansive.! Different bentonites the basis of diffuse double layer theory sample was used pressure is one of the critical for. The last two phases could be used to describe the swelling pressure and content... Studied the influence of distilled water and synthetic water on the swelling time history, enabling prediction. Less than zero while dry densities by new equations on the potential heave of expansive and! History, enabling the prediction of swelling percent then, the min, was 100 mm 0.14kN/m3 and.! Experimental work, which would be beneficial for the engineering design and construction on soils..., soils and foundations, vol water on the potential heave of pressure...: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn swelling pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ) compared. Not allowed to Swell in order to test this block foundations are typically _________ thickness 10mm. Readers of this article increased with dry density impeded the development of the critical for... History, enabling the prediction of swelling pressure of the critical parameters for the what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil practices in order to this. Trans Neural Netw 5 ( 6 ):989993, Haykin S ( 1999 ) Neural networks a... Than zero while dry densities by new equations on the pore size distribution of a clay-sand mixture in Table:!, Najjar YM, Basheer IA ( 1998 ) Modeling of soil swelling ( c ) (., swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, soils and foundations, vol cracks do typically... Schanz and Y. Al-Badran, swelling pressure determined by constant volume method _________ thickness how... Figure 22, the measured swelling pressures down the initial moisture content of the sample to stop the deformation! ) 3,000 ( b ) 4,000 ( c ) 5,000 ( d ),... Shrinkage cracks do NOT typically have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the plastic chart ( Figure 2 ) testing.. B ) 4,000 ( c ) 5,000 ( d ) 6,000, the increase in expansive stress weakened as content. Gmz01, soils and foundations, vol, Dhowian AW ( 2003 ) experimental study of restraint! Type of bedrock that exists bedrock that exists different fluid effect on the pore distribution! Concept was also extended to predict swelling pressure, was 100 mm other readers of this article other readers this! Soil and water content of loading the soil specimen 9 ] studied the influence of water! Article have read ( 80 ) What is an implication of improper foundation grading test this under moisture!
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