NARRATOR: Aiello insisted the study's design was flawed. APA reference style is a style of citing sources used by the American Psychological Association.It is primarily used in the social sciences and includes guidelines for citing sources both within the text of a document and in the . . Look out! And for a couple months at a time, I wouldn't hear from him at all. All those parameters are removed. NARRATOR: Once one of Pittsburgh's greatest football heroes, Webster began living out of a pickup truck. NARRATOR: In the end, Dr. Omalu's paper was not retracted. Grand Canyon University. He soon replaced the rheumatologist Dr. Elliot Pellman and promoted the neurologist Dr. Ira Casson. In a special two-hour investigation, FRONTLINE and prize-winning journalists Steve Fainaru and Mark Fainaru-Wada of ESPN reveal the hidden story of the NFL and brain injuries, drawn from their book League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions and the Battle for Truth . His helmet went off. Frontline : Juvenile Justice. JUNIOR SEAU: You have to sacrifice your body. He looked he looked worn out. And one of his colleagues said, "It's Mike Webster. MARK FAINARU-WADA: I think in the simplest form, one major piece of our reporting just revolves around the simple question of what did the NFL know and when did it know it? NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu believed he saw physical evidence of the long-term damage playing football could have on the brain. The commissioner helped to promote a youth football safety initiative, the Heads Up program. contracts manager Talya Feldman . The Super Bowl is a spectacle. CHRIS NOWINSKI: What motivated me every day was the fact that my head was killing me. I'm, like, "How do I?" Every play was a fight. League of denial : the NFL's concussion crisis. It says you guys are now the NFL's "preferred" brain bank and that the league will help with efforts to direct families to donate the brains of former players to Boston so that they will be studied for CTE. And it became part of the popular jargon, you know, "He knocked him silly. I believe in empirically determined, scientifically valid data. And I think the NFL has given everybody 765 million reasons why you don't want to play football. ANN McKEE, M.D., Neuropathologist, BU CTE Center: A CBS reporter wanted to know what I thought of the gift of a million dollars. Q: For this exercise you will have to answer two (2) questions: Part One: First, you must visit and take the quiz to find. PETER KEATING: All the teams are present. No.". The problem is it's a journalist issue. MIKE ORIARD: The sense of football as something powerful and elemental and mythic and epic. He fumbled the ball! NARRATOR: Eleanor Perfetto was one of them. DIRECTED BY. Formatted according to the APA Publication Manual 7 th edition. League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis (19) 8.1 1 h 53 min 1983 13+ Thousands of former NFL players have claimed the league tried to cover up how football inflicted long-term brain injuries on many players. For the first time ever, the league has conceded that a link exists between football and the degenerative brain disease known as CTE. NARRATOR: The first broadcast of Monday Night Football in 1970 marked a turning point in the game's popularity and its revenues. Dr. ANN McKEE: This is a 45-year-old with terrific disease. Nobody knows that at this point in time. NARRATOR: Steve Fainaru and his brother, Mark Fainaru-Wada, are investigative reporters. STEVE FAINARU: Omalu is a junior pathologist in the Allegheny County coroner's office, but the people he published with were one of the leading Alzheimer's disease experts in the country, one of the leading neuropathologists in the country, and one of the most well-known coroners in the country. warning This is not good science. I really worry for my running back brothers. ANNOUNCER: Al, I've been there. December 22, STEVE FAINARU: They'd just been hauled before Congress and the commissioner was embarrassed by Linda Sanchez. And I remember thinking, "Why is Ira Casson calling me?". Dr. ROBERT CANTU: You have a brain that's intact. Said, "Oh, he's even bigger than Mike Webster." Her husband, Ralph Wenzel, had played for the Pittsburgh Steelers. MIKE ORIARD, Kansas City Chiefs, 1970-73: NFL Films captures the essence of football itself, that tension between the violence and the beauty. Sammy White, he did a remarkable catch with Skip Thomas and Jack Tatum jackknifing him as he caught the ball for a first down on the Oakland 45-yard line. CHRIS NOWINSKI: At the beginning, when I first kind of got up the nerve to do it, you know, I wrote down a script and I prepared, I practiced, mentally preparing myself for wandering into someone's life like this. Dr. BENNET OMALU: I came to work one morning and everybody there said, "Hey, we have another case for you." When you are citing two different sources that share the same author and year of publication, assign lowercase letters after the year of publication (a, b, c, etc.). JANE LEAVY, Journalist: The change was so diabolical. ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, BU CTE Center: What it showed was that former NFL players seem to have memory-related disorders at a much, much higher rate than people in the regular community. 45 had CTE. My boyfriend's been shot! NARRATOR: What she saw was that telltale protein, tau. Then he submitted a scientific paper on the Webster case to the one journal that seemed to be most interested in head injuries in football, Neurosurgery, and Dr. Apuzzo accepted it. STEVE FAINARU: He gets the first flight out the next morning. I don't know." It's huge business. NARRATOR: There were several herniated discs, a broken vertebra, torn rotator cuff and separated shoulder. But the issue will be hard to ignore. Subscribe with this Dr. BENNET OMALU: Mike looked older than his age. Dr. JULIAN BAILES: I was not the bearer of good news, probably, in many people's minds. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu believed the National Football League would want to know about his discovery. I was scared. BOB SCHIEFFER, CBS News Face the Nation: [February 3, 2013] I'm going to ask you this question because some widows of some NFL players have asked me to ask you. MARK FAINARU-WADA: Though the league previously, through Greg Aiello, acknowledged a link, there's no more acknowledging a link exists. How Afraid Should the NFL be of Chris Borland? NARRATOR: And there was one other surprise. When he arrives at the medical examiner's office, he's telling people that he has the verbal consent from Tyler Seau to harvest the brain. New York published from McGraw Hill Companies. Having said that, I still think it's something that we need to be concerned about. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. STEVE FAINARU: Very, very quickly, she got serious pushback from Ira Casson and the rest of the committee. It was a scientific first. Th edition 1 1 site that hosts the page, followed By a pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation. BOB FITZSIMMONS, Webster's Attorney: Mike was a legend and a hero. And that was just for starters. NARRATOR: In a letter to the journal Neurosurgery, Dr. Pellman and other members of the NFL's MTBI committee attacked Dr. Omalu's paper. STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: And so you had this behind the scenes, you know, this dynamic going on where you had a guy, Elliot Pellman, who very clearly believed that this wasn't a problem, it just wasn't a big problem for the NFL. Now we can get back into some serious business. scara robot advantages and disadvantages. Maybe 10 minutes passed, and he looked at me with the same puzzled expression and asked the same sequence of questions. And I said, "Because you suffered a concussion today." BENNET OMALU, M.D., Neuropathologist: I was not aware of it. NARRATOR: The NFL would not cooperate with the Fainaru brothers, nor would it talk to FRONTLINE. MARK FAINARU-WADA: There's no admission whatsoever of guilt by the league. Steve has a Pulitzer Prize for reporting in Iraq. JOSEPH MAROON, M.D., MTBI Committee, 2007-10: I think we're very early in the evolutionary understanding of CTE. JANE LEAVY, Journalist: The brains are precious cargo. NARRATOR: As the concussion crisis deepened, the commissioner faced yet another challenge, a lawsuit brought by more than 4,500 retired players. I think I have more than enough reasons to believe that I'm going to be fighting this myself. NARRATOR: It was the commissioner himself who kept Perfetto out. And she's told she's not allowed to enter the room. He said, "If 10 percent of mothers in this country would begin to perceive football as a dangerous sport, that is the end of football.". And I'm not talking about the knees and you know, all of that stuff is a given. Dr. ANN McKEE: And he wanted me to come to the NFL office and present the data. I was expecting to see a brain with Alzheimer's disease features, so a shriveled, ugly-looking brain. And we're going to figure out whether there's a link.". We'd like you to make available these various people." HARRY CARSON: From a physical risk standpoint, you know what you are doing when you sign your kid up, that he can hurt his knee, OK? And not that everybody was looking down. To lead it, he chose Elliot Pellman, the New York Jets team doctor, a firm believer that concussions were not a serious problem. The program averages approximately 1.5 . NARRATOR: He'd lost millions of dollars gambling. It's a part of growing up. TYLER SEAU: People started saying things about Omalu, kind of telling me the kind of character that he has. Educational DVDs ofLeague of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisisare available from ShopPBS. And it starts destroying the integrity of the brain cells. We don't know if concussion in and of itself is what causes the abnormalities. NFL NARRATOR: When you talk about big-hitting safeties, the Eagles Donnie Dawkins always emerges. Each time that happens, it's around 20G or more. ". NARRATOR: The players believed they had significant leverage, a threat to the NFL. For a majority of Mike Webster's adult life, he was defined by his work as a professional football player. Bailes delivered Omalu's message: Playing football could cause permanent brain damage. The book chronicles the National Football League's concussion crisis, which came to light with a few career-ending head injuries in the 1990s and became an even more serious issue as numerous deceased former players were found to have . "League of Denial" was also a ratings success. MICHAEL ORIARD, Center, Kansas City Chiefs, 1970-73: The way the game is played, I don't see how you can eliminate all of those routine hits that linemen make every play. Now one of Casson's first moves, a public denial of Omalu's conclusions. You watch a pro football game, and naturally, the biggest cheers are for the touchdowns, but the second biggest cheers are for a nasty hit. A federal judge has declined for a second time to sign off on a proposed settlement between the league and thousands of former players. This committee was founded in 1994. And what he gets from Greg Aiello, the league spokesman, is more denials. I look at brains. I'm sure he would. ROGER GOODELL: Well, some said that we could not top last year's Super Bowl, but the Steelers and Cardinals did that tonight! We're going to give them the money, advance that science. Dr. ROBERT CANTU: The papers started to make statements about multiple head injuries were not a problem in the NFL. NARRATOR: They even questioned whether Mike Webster was suffering from neurological problems. And that would scare me. SCL 6_APA in text citation_references quiz_AK .docx. And in the last year-and-a-half to two years before he died, he couldn't even walk anymore. BETH WILKINSON, NFL's Attorney: We strongly deny those allegations that we withheld any information or misled the players. NEWSCASTER: The NFL will have a new commissioner. And he said, "No, you can't attend. Subscribe on YouTube: http://bit.ly/1BycsJWThe National Football League presides over Ameri. Aikman was taken to a local hospital. NEWSCASTER: Linebacker Junior Seau died today in an apparent suicide. I'll bring them to you. IRA CASSON, M.D., Co-Chair, MTBI Committee, 2007-09: Anecdotes do not make scientifically valid evidence. NARRATOR: It took Goodell 24 years to work his way to the top. It became sort of like his little private mission. The National Football League, a multibillion-dollar commercial juggernaut, presides over America's indisputable national pastime. He had issues, certainly, during his career. NARRATOR: He had used his body and his head for 20 years in the NFL. And I remember, he was a little I don't what's the adjective? BENNET OMALU, M.D., Medical Examiner: I put the slides in and looked. Why would you fight that? I think that really was how he felt because he really was. Refer to the guidelines for writing an effective summary presented in the Lecture 2 as a guide. A center for the Pittsburgh Steelers throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Webster was seen as . ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, BU CTE Center: Owen Thomas to me was a critical case. COLIN WEBSTER, Son: You know, he was supergluing his teeth back into his head, and he actually made that work. PAM WEBSTER: Mike would call this his greatest battle. But it's not the only issue. NEWSCASTER: Tagliabue will be succeeded by Roger Goodell. NARRATOR: Dr. McKee soon had three brains, all with CTE. PETER KEATING, Reporter, ESPN: It sure looks like it was just a relentless and endless delaying action. Additional funding is provided by the Abrams Foundation; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; Park Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; and the FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, and additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. Dr. BENNET OMALU: When I saw Terry Long's case, I became more convinced that this was not just an anomaly, a statistical anomaly. The league actually never got around to looking at it in any kind of valid way. NARRATOR: 49ers quarterback Steve Young was another one of Leigh Steinberg's clients. CTE has dragged me into the politics of science, the politics of the NFL. Dr. Bennet Omalu was studying the microscopic samples. There's "The science is still emerging and we're really going to try and do long-term studies on this. He said, "No, you don't." NARRATOR: The final diagnosis in Seau's case was national news. The meek will never inherit this turf because every play is hand-to-hand and body-to-body combat! A certain percentage of the individuals diagnosed with this have had steroid abuse, alcohol abuse, other substances abuses. NARRATOR: That May, McKee and Nowinski arrived at NFL headquarters. Frontline : juvenile justice. NARRATOR: It was the brain of 18-year-old Eric Pelly. ANNOUNCER: And the future opponents are going to have some trouble! He was a philanthropist, beloved in his community. I think that we need to learn more about these former athletes, learn more about them during their living years so that we can better understand what their neuro-cognitive function is like, what their emotional status is like. Drawing on the book of the same name, League of Denial crafts a searing two-hour indictment of the National Football League's decades-long concealment of the link between football related head injuries and brain disorders.FRONTLINE writer, producer, and director Michael Kirk meticulously charts the uncovering of scientific evidence of the chronic brain disease, Chronic Traumatic . And the pathologist who's on call that day is this guy, Bennet Omalu. NARRATOR: Pittsburgh. Said, "Oh, he's another NFL player. Universiti Putra Malaysia. His body he had cellulitis. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu had been looking for a chance to get back in the game in a big way. NARRATOR: McKee and colleagues from Boston University were determined to examine as many brains as they could, and this man knew how to get them. YOUTH FOOTBALL TEAM: What time is it? STAN SAVRAN: That just fit perfectly into the way they saw their own lives and what they had to be in order to survive. He telephoned Seau's son, Tyler, to get consent to take his father's brain. I mean, we're going to present her findings. MARK FAINARU-WADA: What the NFL would do was they would market tapes of "Crash Course," "Moment of Impact," "Search and Destroy" in the context of describing the brutal nature of the violence of the NFL. PETER KEATING, ESPN Reporter: Good PR is one part of the NFL strategy. I thought that she presented herself, as I recall it's been several years that there was something something in her manner. Simpson gets the call. Next available on Thursday 9 a.m.10 p.m. Find information on spaces, staff, and services. / 1h 53m. ANNOUNCER: Let's give him a big round of applause! CHRIS NOWINSKI: Chris Harvard landed on his head quite a bit. Dr. ANN McKEE: I think it's going to be a shockingly high percentage. So no, they're definitely different diseases." NEWSCASTER: The National Football League says it will encourage current and former players to donate their brains, NARRATOR: As the story of the deal broke, NEWSCASTER: The NFL is donating $1 million towards the study. BENNET OMALU, M.D., Neuropathologist: So when Junior Seau died, just like every other case, people called me. NEWSCASTER: At what price glory? ANNOUNCER: Well, that's a sight we thought would be impossible. Center for the Pittsburgh Steelers not retracted 's paper was not the bearer of good news probably. Take his father 's brain more acknowledging a link. `` of football something... This turf because every play is hand-to-hand and body-to-body combat pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation every was! 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